Bulletin of Lviv National Environmental University. Series Agronomy

FIELD GERMINATION OF SAND SAINFOIN DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY

V. Lykhochvor — 2025-11-15

The article emphasizes the importance of establishing an effective forage base that provides a sufficient amount of high-quality green feed in line with zootechnical requirements. It underscores the need to implement innovative technologies for growing forage crops to enhance their productivity, ecological stability, and economic viability, particularly in the face of contemporary challenges like climate change. Sand sainfoin is highlighted as a drought-resistant crop with significant potential for the Western Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine. However, its cultivation area is currently limited due to a lack of awareness regarding its benefits and effective growing techniques. Further research on this crop could help increase its production in the region.

The authors present the findings from studies conducted in 2023–2024 at the research field of the Department of Crop Production Technologies at Lviv National Environmental University. These studies investigated the variability in field germination rates and the density of plants per square meter of sand sainfoin, as well as the impact of different varieties on these metrics.

The research identified which varieties exhibited the most consistent performance under varying conditions throughout the study period. Notably, the Smarahd variety showed the highest field germination rate at 76.2%, compared to the Vegas and Arsei varieties, which had 10 and 14 plants per square meter fewer, respectively.

Additionally, it was found that weather conditions significantly influenced the field germination of sand sainfoin seeds in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, particularly on dark gray podzolized soils. Favorable moisture levels and temperature in the sowing layer of the soil created optimal conditions for initial growth. Field germination rates varied from 70% to 73.5% in 2023, and from 74.7% to 78.6% in 2024.

INTENSITY OF ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE VEGETATIVE MASS OF COTTON GROWN ON GREY FOREST SOILS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE

S. Razanov — 2025-11-15

The intensification of crop production leads to an increase in production volumes, which in turn raises the technogenic burden on the environment, particularly concerning soil quality and safety of crop products. A significant environmental threat is the accumulation of heavy metals, whose presence in soils has increased significantly due to the extensive use of mineral fertilizers, pesticides, industrial emissions, and the ongoing military aggression of russia against Ukraine.

This article explores the accumulation of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) and trace elements (zinc and copper) in the vegetative mass of cotton (Gossypium L.) cultivated on the grey forest soils of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. The study involves an analysis of the concentrations of these elements in both soil and plant biomass, as well as determining accumulation coefficients of heavy metals to evaluate the efficacy of the Dniprovskyi 5 cotton variety for phytoremediation in contaminated areas.

The findings indicate that zinc is the most readily accumulated element within the cotton's vegetative mass, occurring nearly four times more than copper and eight times more than lead. Copper ranks second in terms of accumulation, being 2.2 times more than lead and 21 times more than cadmium. Notably, the concentration of cadmium in the vegetative mass is the lowest among all the heavy metals studied. In terms of accumulation levels in the aboveground parts of the cotton plant, the order of heavy metals and trace elements is arranged from lowest to highest as follows: cadmium → lead → copper → zinc.

Based on the accumulation coefficient (C_a), cotton has been found to have a high capacity for accumulating copper (C_a = 45.9) and zinc (C_a = 19.4), indicating its effectiveness in phytoremediation of contaminated areas. The accumulation of lead (C_a = 3.73) and cadmium (C_a = 4.57) in the vegetative mass also confirms the plant’s ability to extract toxicants from the soil.

The potential of using cotton plants for soil remediation from heavy metal contamination has been assessed. The obtained results can be used for developing phytoremediation strategies and evaluating the environmental safety of agroecosystems.

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF VACCINIUM OXYCOCCOS L. FRUITS IN YAVORIV DISTRICT

V. Snitynskyi — 2025-11-15

Recent studies examining the dynamics of successional changes in plant swamp communities within the Roztochchia area have been analyzed. Most findings indicate concerning trends regarding the drying of swamps in the region. This environmental challenge leads to irreversible alterations in natural landscapes. Swamps, as a biome, play a crucial role in the ecosystem by purifying water sources, stabilizing microclimate variations, mitigating flood risks, enhancing water quality, and preserving the biodiversity of swamp territories.

Eight localities of Vaccinium oxycoccos habitats in Yavoriv area have been described. Given their low productivity, these areas are not suitable for large-scale harvesting. However, it is noteworthy that their ecological and phytocenotic conditions are satisfactory for the current period. Particular attention is paid to the “Nemyriv” trial area, which exhibits positive hydrological dynamics and maintains its status as a wetland. Consequently, the population of bog cranberry in this region is on the rise and remains largely unaffected by human activities. The dense swamp thickets of trees and shrubs prevent visitors to the sanatorium from moving freely around this area. The habitats of V. oxycoccos in nature conservation areas are in a poorer state. There are negative effects stemming from human influence on the cranberry groves within the Novoyavorivsk forestry. This has led to trampling of paths, formation of deep passages between Sphagnum moss cushions, and alterations in hydrological conditions and swamp vegetation cover.

The chemical composition of bog cranberry was analyzed on experimental plots of Nemyriv, Novoyavorivsk, Shavari, Rohizno, as well as the Yavoriv military training ground and Yavorivskyi National Nature Park. The causes of anthropogenic pressure on the cranberry population were examined, and an excess of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of Cd, Fe, and Cr in V. oxycoccos berries was detected across all test areas. The transboundary location of the territory and the geological and historical characteristics of the region were recognized as the main reasons for the contamination of the berries.

The factors influencing plant populations were studied, and measures were proposed to normalize the MPC levels of the aforementioned elements in the studied ecotopes.

CORRELATION-REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PHYTOMELIORATIVE EFFICIENCY COEFFICIENT OF TECHNOGENIC LANDSCAPES

O. Mandryk — 2025-11-15

The article presents results of the correlation-regression analysis aimed at identifying relationships between the phytomeliorative efficiency coefficient (PEC) and the physical-chemical parameters of technogenic landscape environments, particularly the influence of heavy metal present in wastewater. The research object is the spoil heap of the "Mezhyrichanska" coal mine of SE "Lvivvuhillia", currently undergoing natural phytoremediation. The study accounted for spatial correspondence between PEC measurement points and sampling locations, ensuring the reliability of the statistical modeling.

To identify the key factors influencing vegetation cover formation on degraded areas, the correlation-regression analysis methods were applied. Statistically significant relationships were established between PEC and such parameters as soil acidity, light intensity, air humidity, radiation background, and concentrations of Mn, K, Ca, and Mg in wastewater infiltrating through the spoil heap body. These chemical elements showed the highest values among all those studied within the sample set, justifying their prioritization in statistical evaluation.

The constructed multifactorial models allowed for quantitative assessment of the influence strength of each variable. It was found that the calcium content in the wastewater has a considerable effect on vegetation cover development, while increased soil acidity is a factor that significantly reduces the PEC. The analysis of partial elasticity coefficients enabled the identification and clarification of the factor impact hierarchy on vegetation formation.

The obtained results contribute to the development of adaptive phytoremediation strategies and the enhancement of ecological safety in degraded landscapes of mining regions. The proposed approach provides scientific justification for prioritizing certain environmental factors and supports the development of effective phytotechnologies for the rehabilitation of areas affected by coal mining.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF LVIV REGION AS A KEY TOOL FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

M. Іvankiv — 2025-11-15

The article explores the vital role of environmental monitoring as a core element in achieving sustainable development, particularly within the context of Lviv region. It emphasizes that, in light of ongoing climate change and increasing human impact on the environment, the integration of digital technologies into the environmental monitoring system is essential. Given Lviv region's substantial industrial and transport potential, there are heightened environmental risks that pose threats to both environmental integrity and public health.

Lviv region is positioned as a crucial player in fostering transparency, efficiency, and the soundness of management decisions. The analysis of the current state of the monitoring system in the region highlights critical aspects such as air quality, water resources, soil health, and waste management. The article argues for the necessity of incorporating innovative digital technologies, including GIS, satellite sensing, and Big Data, to enhance monitoring effectiveness. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of public participation and intersectoral collaboration in cultivating an environmental culture and promoting data transparency.

The current state of the main environmental components in Lviv region was analyzed based on available data, namely the average annual concentration of fine particles PM2.5 in 2024 was 16,2±1,4 μg/m³, which was 8,6 % lower than in the IV quarter of 2023, but still exceeded the WHO recommendations (10 μg/m³). The ISA in Lviv for the period October 2024 – March 2025 was in the "high" category (9,58–9,68). The implementation of the IoT platform for monitoring the Western Buh and Stryi rivers allowed to reduce the response time to emergency discharges to 2 hours and reduce the volume of uncontrolled discharges by 18 %. The average annual concentrations of nitrates were 7,1±0,6 mg/l. Soil monitoring revealed an excess of lead concentrations in the industrial zones of Lviv and Sheptytskyi (42±5 mg/kg) by 31 % of the MPC (32 mg/kg), which made it possible to localize five priority areas for remediation. A decrease in total emissions from stationary sources to 58 thousand tons in 2023 was recorded (23.9 % less than in 2022), with emissions from the mining and extractive industries (48,3 %) and energy (31,6 %) sectors dominating.

Special attention is paid to the implementation of innovative solutions at the national and local levels, in particular the creation of regional environmental monitoring centers and the installation of automated air quality observation points.

BIOCHAR FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

O. Mazurak — 2025-11-15

Agricultural waste represents a significant portion of global waste, leading to ecosystem pollution and health risks if not processed properly.

It is crucial to develop and implement effective strategies to mitigate the negative impact of agricultural by-products, which necessitates a thorough analysis of the nature of agricultural biowaste. Key factors influencing this process include the diversity of waste sources, the variability of their chemical composition and physicochemical properties, their potential applications, effectiveness against specific pollutants, and the practical aspects of recycling technologies.

This review focuses on the analysis of modern and effective management practices for organic waste in the agricultural sector. It highlights a variety of technologies, raw materials, and principles for selecting components for biochar while emphasizing sustainability. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the impact of pyrolyzed residues, derived from certain types of plant-based biomass waste in Ukraine, on environmental stabilization when used as biochar.

The study details the mechanisms of biomass conversion through thermochemical conversion technologies, which effectively break down long-chain substances into smaller molecules. During this process, energy recovery occurs alongside the production of valuable biological materials from biomass waste, although harmful pollutants may also be emitted. It is established that the concentration of pollutants as a result of thermochemical reactions is a function of the technological parameters of the gasification process and the characteristics of the feedstock.

The impact of biochar on ecosystems, particularly soils, is explored. Most studies indicate positive trends regarding the use of organically combined biochars as complete fertilizers, compost additives, and multifunctional biosorbents.

The review emphasizes the interconnected challenges of producing and utilizing biochar materials, which underscores the need for developing appropriate technologies and integrated approaches to address these issues effectively.

NATURE-ORIENTED ECO-RECREATIONAL PRACTICES AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINING THE ECOTOURISM AND BIOTIC POTENTIAL OF BOIKIVSHCHYNA NATIONAL PARK

Yu. Zhylishchych — 2025-11-15

The conducted research confirms that under increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change, national nature parks acquire strategic importance in maintaining ecological balance, conserving biodiversity and unique natural complexes, shaping environmental awareness, supporting the development of ecological recreation, and fulfilling socio-rehabilitation functions. The Boikivshchyna National Nature Park plays a significant role as a multifunctional nature conservation area and a space for ecotourism, forest therapy, hydrotherapy, and social rehabilitation. The park’s ecosystems are distinguished by the richness of their biotic resources, with over 1,000 animal species, including rare predators, and more than 700 vascular plant species, 32 of which are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. Forest landscapes and natural waters of mountain rivers and springs possess substantial therapeutic potential. The research has confirmed the positive impact of natural landscapes on the psycho-emotional state of individuals. The article analyzes the prospects for developing sensory-based wellness methodologies founded on the use of the park’s floristic environment as a component of forest therapy practices. Additionally, it is shown that Boikivshchyna NNP applies elements of forest pedagogy and environmental education, particularly through the development of thematic ecological trails, interactive lessons, workshops, environmental classes, and community campaigns.

The article outlines the potential for the park’s integration into regional sustainable development processes, social adaptation of war-affected populations, and the implementation of European Green Care practices and nature-based wellness spa concepts. The need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, ecologists, and local communities is emphasized to ensure effective use of the park’s recreational and conservation potential.

ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF RECREATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF LVIV REGION

N. Lopotych — 2025-11-15

The article presents the findings of scientific studies focused on the transformation processes occurring in the mountainous districts of Lviv region. It highlights the profound changes in indigenous vegetation and land use in the area, which have severely impacted environmental stability and diminished the appeal of tourism and recreational lands.

To counteract these negative effects, economic incentives aimed at the conservation and restoration of native vegetation and soil are essential for stabilizing the environment. Additionally, promoting and economically developing the tourism and recreation infrastructure, especially with the gradual easing of international borders and improved governance, could alleviate the long-standing stagnation faced by mountain communities in Lviv.

This study assesses the condition of recreational infrastructure in the mountainous areas of Lviv region, an important factor in the advancement of the region's tourism sector. It evaluates key components of this infrastructure, including hotels, tourist bases, hiking and cycling routes, as well as sites of cultural heritage.

Employing statistical analysis methods and field research, the study determines the level of infrastructure development, measuring its alignment with contemporary standards and tourist needs. The findings reveal that, despite the region’s natural resources and recreational potential, significant challenges persist, such as inadequate funding, low service quality, and insufficient promotional efforts.

To enhance the state of recreational infrastructure, the article proposes several recommendations, including the development of government support programs, attracting investment, and fostering collaboration between state institutions and private enterprises.

Implementing these measures could not only elevate the quality of tourist services but also promote the sustainable development of the mountainous areas of Lviv region as a whole.

CHOLESTEROL ESTERS OF SHEEP WOOL UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIODEGRADATION BY FLEECE MICROORGANISMS

V. Tkachuk — 2025-11-15

Sheep fleece is an ideal environment for the growth and development of microflora, as it provides optimal conditions – heat, air, moisture, and also serves as a substrate – grease and keratin of the wool itself. In this regard, cholesterol esters of surface and internal lipids of sheep wool under the influence of biodegradation by microorganisms were studied. The research focused on damaged wool samples from Ascanian fine-wool ewes with high microbial contamination, while the control group consisted of undamaged wool with low microbial levels. Surface lipids (wax) were obtained by extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with tetrachloromethane, free internal lipids were obtained through repeated extraction with a chloroform–methanol mixture (2:1), and bound internal lipids were obtained after prior alkaline hydrolysis. Cholesterol esters were separated in the n-heptane–toluene (8:2) system, being represented by six classes in surface lipids and four classes in internal wool lipids. It was found that the cholesterol of the wax of damaged wool is characterized by a lower content of esters of saturated acids – 36.13 % (P < 0.001), compared with 41.39 % in wool in normal condition; and a higher content of unsaturated and, especially, trienoic acids – 5.83 vs. 4.53 % (P < 0.05) and tetraenoic acids – 5.91 vs. 4.81 % (P < 0.05). The free internal lipids of damaged wool contain a lower content of saturated acid esters (P < 0.001), and a higher content of di-, tri-, and tetraenoic (P < 0.05) and other polyenoic (P < 0.001) acids. The esterified cholesterol of the bound internal lipids of defective wool contains a smaller amount of saturated esters and, especially, monounsaturated acids 15.13 % (P < 0.05), compared to 17.58 % in wool in normal condition. In contrast, in damaged wool there is a larger amount of di-, tri-, and tetraenoic (P < 0.05) and other polyenoic (P < 0.01) esters. Such changes indicate the presence of hydrolytic processes occurring in the environment of the grease and internal lipids of the wool, which ultimately can have a negative effect on the structure of wool fibers and, above all, their cuticular layer.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEASON ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF COW'S MILK

S. Pavkovych — 2025-11-15

This article presents the results of research on the impact of the indoor and grazing periods on the quality indicators and fatty acid composition of cow's milk.

Milk is characterized by its high nutritional value, as it contains an optimal amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. However, milk from the grazing and indoor periods differs in its component content and fatty acid composition. Therefore, the research aimed to compare the quality indicators and fatty acid composition of milk obtained during the indoor and grazing periods.

The study was conducted during both the indoor and grazing periods on cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed. During the indoor period, the animals were fed a diet comprising clover hay, corn silage, lucerne silage, compound feed, and mineral supplements. In contrast, during the grazing period, their diet included green forage from cereal-legume crops, as well as compound feed and mineral supplements. Both diets were meticulously balanced for energy and nutrients. Milk samples were collected bi-monthly at regular intervals throughout the indoor period (November to March) and the grazing period (May to September).

The results showed that milk from cows during the indoor period contained higher levels of fat and protein, while the lactose content was lower compared to milk obtained during the grazing period. The dry matter and dry non-fat solids content were also higher in milk from cows during the indoor period.

Milk from cows obtained in different seasons also differed in fatty acid composition. Milk from cows during the grazing period contained lower amounts of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids, but higher amounts of stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids compared to milk from the indoor period.

Milk from the grazing period had a lower total content of medium-chain fatty acids (C_12–C16) and a higher content of long-chain fatty acids (C₁₈). The amount of saturated fatty acids was higher in milk from cows during the indoor period, while the amount of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher in milk from cows during the grazing period. The ratio of monounsaturated to saturated and polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was higher in milk from cows during the grazing period.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRODUCED RASPBERRY VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF POLISSIA OF UKRAINE

B. Hulko — 2025-11-15

In 2020, a primary variety study site was established to evaluate five new raspberry varieties: Meeker, Mapema, Pszehyba, Polonez, and Poemat. During the winter period, the researchers observed frost damage to the raspberry buds in all studied varieties. Among them, the Mapema variety demonstrated superior winter hardiness, while Poemat and Polonez exhibited medium winter hardiness. The Pszehyba variety was somewhat less resilient. After the growth period began, the overall condition of all studied plants was rated as good, scoring between 4 and 5 points. Damage caused by Didymella applanata did not exceed 1.9 points overall. The Poemat variety exhibited the least damage at 1.4 points, while the Pszehyba variety sustained the highest damage at 2.9 points. The Mapema variety's shoots were also affected, scoring 2.2 points, whereas Meeker and Polonez scored 1.8 and 1.9 points, respectively. Notably, the Poemat variety showed the greatest field resistance. Throughout the research, all raspberry varieties displayed signs of damage from Gloesporium venetum. Over the years of study, the Meeker variety produced the most shoots, averaging 22–25 shoots per linear meter, followed closely by Poemat with 20–25 shoots. The average shoot count for the Mapema variety ranged from 11 to 15, while the Pszehyba variety had 15 to 18 shoots per linear meter.

In terms of shoot height, both the Przehyba and Poemat varieties reached 1.8 meters, while the Meeker variety was the tallest at 1.9 meters. The Polonez variety remained the shortest at 1.6 meters, although its height increased by an average of 10 centimeters compared to the previous year. Overall, the highest average shoot length over the two years of research was in the Meeker variety at 1.9 meters, while the Przehyba, Mapema, and Poemat varieties averaged 1.8 meters. The Polonez variety recorded the shortest average shoot length at 1.6 meters.

The average berry weight varied significantly among the studied raspberry varieties. The Poemat variety had the smallest berries, weighing between 4.7 and 5.0 grams, with an average weight of 4.9 grams, which is quite high compared to zoned raspberry varieties that typically average 3.5 to 3.7 grams. The Meeker and Mapema varieties produced even larger berries, with an average weight of 5.3 grams. The Polonez variety also produced large berries, averaging between 5.7 and 6.2 grams, with an overall average of 6.0 grams. The Pszehyba variety was the standout for large fruit, with an average berry weight ranging from 7.6 to 9.1 grams, resulting in an average of 8.4 grams.

Throughout the research period, total yield of the raspberry varieties ranged from 12.17 tons per hectare for the Polonez variety to 18.7 tons per hectare for the Pszehyba variety. The Pszehyba variety outperformed the Meeker control by 0.25 tons per hectare, and the Mapema variety surpassed it by 0.3 tons per hectare. In contrast, the Poemat and Polonez varieties fell short of the control by 1.49 and 4.03 tons per hectare, respectively.

VARIETAL DIVERSITY IN THE CULTIVATION OF RUBUS IDAEUS L.

L. Rozhko — 2025-11-15

The International Raspberry Organization (IRO) unites 13 countries, which together account for about 80 % of the world’s raspberry production. The IRO includes the following countries: Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, England, France, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Serbia, Scotland, and the United States of America. Since 2022, Ukraine has been represented in the IRO by Iryna Kukhtina, President of the Ukrainian Berry Association and Head of the Union of Innovative Farming and Cooperation.

Geographical differences among the countries that commercially cultivate Rubus idaeus L. influence the selection of varieties, which vary in their environmental requirements, ripening and harvesting periods (in temperate regions, raspberries are harvested in early summer, while in equatorial regions, they can be grown year-round), and cultivation technologies.

The success of global Rubus idaeus L. production is driven by an integrated approach that combines breeding efforts (focused on developing and introducing varieties with desirable traits such as cold resistance, drought tolerance, pest resistance, adaptability to diverse cultivation and processing technologies, and alignment with consumer preferences) with optimized production methods that account for climatic variability in yields.

The varietal diversity of Rubus idaeus L. is a key factor in stabilizing production, enhancing economic efficiency, and ensuring the competitiveness of the modern berry industry in the global market. Genetic, morphological, and physiological differentiation among varieties provides wide adaptive plasticity, which is critical in the context of variable environmental conditions, including rapid climate change. This diversity contributes to higher yields, stable fruiting under stress conditions, and improved fruit quality for consumers.

EARLY PRODUCE OF ETHIOP VARIETY OF TABLE BEET

S. Stefaniuk — 2025-11-15

The article presents the results of field studies on the influence of sowing dates (early spring and late autumn) and types of cover (agrofibre, polyethylene film, no covering) on the formation of yield and biochemical composition of bunch products of Ethiop table beet in the Western Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The experiments were conducted in 2023–2024 on the fields of Lviv National University of Horticulture.

The results of the research showed that the highest yield of bunch products (74.1 thousand bunches/ha) was obtained under conditions of early spring sowing with polyethylene film covering. When agrofibre was used, the yield decreased by 3.6 thousand bunches/ha, and when grown without covering, by 6.8 thousand bunches/ha. Winter sowing under all types of covering was accompanied by a decrease in yield, which is explained by unfavourable weather conditions. Biochemical analysis of the products showed that the highest content of dry matter, sugars, and vitamin C was observed in the variants with the use of coverings, especially polyethylene film. The lowest nitrate content was recorded in the leaves of plants during early spring sowing under agrofibre.

The results obtained confirm the feasibility of using polyethylene film to cover crops of the Ethiop variety of table beet in early spring, which ensures both an increase in yield and an improvement in the biochemical indicators of the product. Considering the environmental and economic aspects, the use of agrotextile is also promising, especially in small and medium-sized farms. The studies confirm the need for further improvement of the technology for growing bunch beetroot, taking into account climate change, variety characteristics, and agrotechnical measures.

INFLUENCE OF VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YIELD OF CARROT ROOTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE EASTERN FOREST-STEPPE

I. Pidlubenko — 2025-11-15

One of the most significant challenges in modern vegetable cultivation is enhancing the yield and quality of carrot roots by optimizing varietal selection based on the soil and climatic conditions of each growing area. In Ukraine's Eastern Forest-Steppe, where climatic factors can vary greatly, it is particularly crucial to identify carrot varieties that consistently deliver high yields while maintaining excellent marketable qualities. Although there is an extensive range of varieties available in the state register, practical vegetable growers often struggle to select the most suitable and productive options. The objective of our research was to identify carrot varieties that are optimally adapted to the growing conditions in the Eastern Forest-Steppe region and can provide high productivity levels. Field research was conducted between 2022 and 2023 on podzolized medium loamy chernozem at the laboratory of biennial and rare crops selection at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of NAAS. The varieties examined included Yaskrava (control), Naryna, Svytshan, and Hreta. Biometric observations revealed that the Hreta variety produced the highest number of leaves (12) and had the largest rosette diameter (42 cm). In terms of yield, Svytshan (55.3 t/ha) and Hreta (62.3 t/ha) significantly outperformed the control variety Yaskrava (45.1 t/ha) by 10.2 and 17.2 t/ha, respectively. These results indicate the high productivity and adaptability of Svytshan and Hreta varieties in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe. We have established the importance of introducing these varieties into production to enhance the efficiency of the vegetable industry and bolster food security in the region. The findings of this study enable more rational variety selection, optimizing sowing practices and increasing the stability and competitiveness of carrot production.

ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM IONS IN TABLE BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY THE USE OF FERTILIZERS AND AMELIORANTS

A. Dydiv — 2025-11-15

The article presents the findings of a study examining how different fertilization systems and calcium-based soil amendments affect the accumulation of cadmium (Cd²⁺) ions in various parts of table beet plants (cv. Bordo Kharkivskyi). This was analyzed under simulated conditions of cadmium contamination in dark-gray podzolic soil in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research assessed the effects of organic, mineral, and organic-mineral fertilization systems, combined with liming, on cadmium mobility in the soil and its uptake by table beet plants. The study calculated the hazard coefficients for mobile Cd²⁺ forms in the soil, cadmium accumulation in plants, and the biological absorption coefficient.

Results indicated that increasing the levels of cadmium contamination in the soil - from 1 to 5 maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) – led to a rise in mobile Cd²⁺ forms across all treatments, resulting in greater accumulation of cadmium in table beet plants. Cadmium was found to accumulate most significantly in the underground parts (root tail) and least in the core of the root. Notably, the concentration of Cd²⁺ in the leaf blades was 3.5 to 4.1 times higher than in the root pulp.

The study also found that applying organic fertilizers (Biohumus) and mineral fertilizers (Nitroammophoska), along with soil liming (CaCO₃), reduced cadmium mobility in the soil and its accumulation in table beet plants. The lowest concentrations of mobile Cd²⁺ in the soil - and thus the least accumulation of the metal in the roots - were observed with the application of Biohumus at 4 t/ha combined with CaCO₃ at 5 t/ha (treatment 6) and N₃₄P₃₄K₃₄ combined with Biohumus at 2 t/ha and CaCO₃ at 5 t/ha (treatment 7). These results differed significantly from the control group (p < 0.001) and had hazard coefficients of 0.20 and 0.33, respectively.

A strong correlation (r = 0.85) was found between the concentration of mobile Cd²⁺ forms in the soil and their content in the table beet plants across all experimental treatments, with a coefficient of determination R²=0.73. The findings of this research can be utilized to optimize agricultural practices in areas contaminated with heavy metals, thereby minimizing the risk of cadmium accumulation in table beet produce.

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF NORTHWARD RELOCATION AND ADAPTATION OF STONE FRUIT CROPS TO THE FOREST-STEPPE AND POLISSIA ZONES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

V. Pechko — 2025-11-15

Over the past decades, the planet's climate has undergone significant changes, primarily attributed to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, there is an increasing need to develop adaptation tools across various sectors of human activity, including agriculture, particularly in the production of perennial crops.

This article presents an analysis of the impact of climate change on the cultivation of stone fruit crops across different agro-climatic zones, with examples drawn from research conducted by domestic scientific institutions. A comparative assessment of weather conditions in the Polissia, Forest-Steppe, and Steppe zones of Ukraine was performed for the periods 1930–1956 and 2006–2022.

It was established that the greatest increase in the mean annual air temperature was recorded in the Polissia region, rising by 2.3 °C. Based on the research findings, the authors conclude that climate change in Ukraine, driven by global warming, is causing significant shifts in weather patterns. These changes have both positive and negative implications: on one hand, they create favorable conditions for the cultivation of cherry, plum, and sweet cherry in the Polissia zone; on the other hand, they reduce plant resilience, promote premature flowering, and increase susceptibility to diseases and pest damage, thus necessitating the adaptation of agricultural practices to mitigate negative impacts on orchard management. It should also be noted that the cultivation of thermophilic fruit species in the Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones requires particular attention to plant protection against winter damage.

Therefore, the placement of industrial stone fruit plantations in the Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones of Ukraine should be based on the specific features of climate change in these regions, taking into account regional characteristics and agro-climatic factors while applying adaptive technologies for fruit production.

EFFECTS OF SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE ON SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL PLANTED WITH WHITE CABBAGE

R. Rosa — 2025-11-15

The long-term use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture can have detrimental effects on the natural environment. One potential solution to mitigate these negative impacts is to incorporate natural and organic materials to enrich the soil. A traditional natural fertilizer that has been utilized for centuries around the world, including Poland, is manure. However, systemic changes in Polish agriculture over the past two decades have led to a shortage of this resource. As a result, there is a pressing need to explore alternative sources of organic matter for soil enhancement. One promising option is the use of organic waste materials, such as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This substrate is a by-product of the cultivation of edible mushrooms, particularly champignons (Agaricus bisporus). Given the scale of mushroom production in Poland, it is estimated that Polish farms generate between 1.6 and 2.0 million tons of this waste, which requires safe disposal and management. Across Europe, the annual production of mushroom substrate exceeds 3 million tons. In a recent experiment, the introduction of spent mushroom substrate provided more organic matter, as well as macro and micronutrients, to the soil compared to farmyard manure (FYM). Measurements taken before the harvesting of cabbage revealed that the physical properties of the soil - namely, topsoil bulk density, porosity, and subsoil moisture - remained consistent between plots treated with SMS and FYM, both of which demonstrated significantly better conditions than the control plot with no organic fertilizer. When plowed in prior to planting cabbage seedlings, both SMS and FYM notably increased the marketable yield of cabbage heads in comparison to the control. The yield-enhancing effects of the two organic fertilizers were found to be quite similar.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND BIOENERGETIC ASSESSMENT OF COMMERCIAL CROP PRODUCTION OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L. VAR. SECALINA ALEF.)

O. Dydiv — 2025-11-15

Due to the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, the consumption of fresh, marketable produce among the Ukrainian population is currently 6–7 times lower than the recommended dietary norms, exhibiting significant seasonal fluctuations. The shortage of ecologically safe, freshly harvested produce is especially acute during the autumn and winter months. Garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), a fast-growing and cold-tolerant crop, allows for multiple sowing periods throughout the year and serves as an effective and efficient use of land on small plots. It can be cultivated as a precursor for thermophilic crops, as a catch crop, or as a post-harvest crop.

At this stage of developing vegetable production infrastructure, consideration goes beyond just the nutritional value of a crop; it also includes the energy inputs required for its cultivation. Leafy greens, particularly garden lettuce, are classified as low-input crops. This species can be harvested from open fields in early spring, while greenhouse cultivation enables supply during winter and early spring.

This study focused on garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars of national selection: Snizhynka (control), Dublianskyi, Malakhit, and Zorepad. The authors assessed the economic efficiency and bioenergetic performance of marketable crop production under the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine.

Throughout a three-year study period, the leaf-type cultivars examined yielded, on average, 2.20 to 4.56 t/ha more than the control cultivar, Snizhynka, when using the seedling cultivation method (pot-grown transplants). Economic evaluations of commercial production indicated that profitability levels were influenced by both the cultivation method and the specific cultivar. For Lactuca sativa var. secalina L. cultivars, profitability ranged between 86% and 130%. The cost of marketable produce utilizing the seedling method was found to vary from 746 to 963 UAH per ton.

The bioenergetic assessment, which focused on specific elements of the cultivation technology, showed yields of 21.0 to 33.0 t/ha for pot-grown seedlings and 20.0 to 32.0 t/ha for plug tray seedlings. The bioenergetic efficiency coefficient for lettuce production during this study period ranged from 1.20 to 1.40, depending on the cultivation method employed.

CHICKPEA (SICER ARIETINUM L) YIELD DEPENDING ON NUTRIENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

V. Lykhochvor — 2025-11-15

Research on the impact of various fertilizer elements on the yield of the Yaryna variety chickpea was conducted from 2022 to 2024. A total of 10 fertilizer options were tested according to the following scheme: N₀Р₀К₀ (control), P₂₀К₃₀, P₄₀К₆₀, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀ + mono Boron, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀ + mono molybdenum, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀ + mono cobalt, N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀ + B, Mo, Co. The chickpeas were grown following winter wheat, with a seeding rate of 0.7 million seeds per hectare. Sowing occurred between April 1 and 3, and the seeds were treated with Vitavax 200FF at a rate of 3 liters per ton. The herbicide Racer, k.e. (2.5 l/ha) was applied for weed control, while the insecticide Fastak, k.e. was used at a rate of 0.15 l/ha to manage pests. To protect against diseases, fungicides were applied three times, as disease damage can be significant in conditions with ample moisture. The fungicide Rex Duo, k.s. (0.5 l/ha) was applied during the budding phase, Abacus mk (1.5 l/ha) during flowering, and Folicur 250 EW (1.0 l/ha) during the grain filling phase.

The lowest chickpea grain yield was recorded in the control group without fertilizers, at 1.74 t/ha. With the application of P₂₀K₃₀, the yield increased to 2.02 t/ha, an increase of 0.28 t/ha. When the phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rate was doubled to P₄₀K₆₀, the yield rose to 2.24 t/ha. Adding 30 kg of nitrogen (N₃₀) to the P₄₀K₆₀ base increased the yield further to 2.44 t/ha. Incorporating sulfur in the fertilization system raised the yield to 2.58 t/ha, and adding magnesium increased it to 2.72 t/ha. Among the microelements applied foliar during the growing season, boron was expected to have the most significant effect on chickpea productivity, boosting the yield to 2.84 t/ha. However, the increases from molybdenum and cobalt were smaller, resulting in lower yields compared to the boron treatments. In the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the highest chickpea grain yield of the Yaryna variety was 2.98 t/ha, achieved by following the fertilization system N₃₀Р₄₀К₆₀S₂₀Mg₂₀+ В, Мо, Со, which is 1.24 t/ha, or 71.3%, higher than the control without fertilizers. The greatest yield increases were observed with the application of Р₂₀К₃₀ (0.28 t/ha) and the combined use of the three microelements during the growing season - B+Mo+Co (0.26 t/ha).

EFFICIENCY OF THE INTEGRATED USE OF FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATORS IN POTATO CULTIVATION

M. Poliukhovych — 2025-11-15

Field experiments to study the combined use of the Biolan growth stimulator and various rates of mineral fertilizers were conducted in the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine on dark gray podzolized soil during 2023–2024. The research scheme included the following options: 1. Control – without fertilizers; 2 – N₆₀P₆₀K₉₀; 3 – N₆₀P₆₀K₉₀ + PP; 4 – N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀; 5 – N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀ + PP. Fertilizers in the specified rates were applied in spring for cultivation, plant treatment with the Biolan growth regulator was carried out during the budding period, combining it with the application of pesticides to combat pests and plant diseases in joint tank mixtures. It was found that the application of fertilizers and growth regulators had a significant effect on plant height growth and leaf surface formation. The increase in leaf surface area on the N₆₀P₆₀K₉₀ + PP fertilizer option increased by 9.1 thousand m²/ha, and on N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀ + PP fertilizer – 10.9 thousand m2/ha with a leaf surface area of 31.1 thousand m²/ha (control). The complex application of fertilizers and spraying of potato plants during budding with Biolan ensured an increase in tuber yield, which, on average over the years of research was 6.6 t/ha with N₆₀P₆₀K₉₀ fertilizer and 12.8 t/ha with N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀ fertilizer rates with yields according to the fertilizer rates of 29.8 and 38.1 t/ha.

The studies also revealed a positive effect of the complex application of fertilizers and growth regulators on the quality indicators of potato tubers. With their combined use, the yield of dry matter and starch per unit area increased significantly and was the highest in the experiment with the N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀ fertilizer level together with the use of Biolan and amounted to 8.87 t/ha of dry matter and 6.25 t/ha of starch. The complex use of fertilizers and the Biolan growth regulator is an effective agricultural measure in improving plant nutrition conditions and increasing potato productivity.

POTATO YIELD PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON CALCULATED MINERAL FERTILIZER NORMS FOR THE TARGET YIELD ON DARK GREY PODZOLIC SOIL IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE REGION OF UKRAINE

B. Parkhuts — 2025-11-15

This paper presents research findings on the impact of mineral fertilizers, applied in conjunction with an organic background, on the target yields of 30, 35, and 40 t/ha for the Connect potato variety cultivated in the dark grey podzolic soil of the Western Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine. Prior to the experiment, the levels of mobile forms of key mineral nutrients in the arable layer of the dark grey podzolic soil were measured as follows: easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (determined using the Kornfield method) was found to be 142 mg, mobile phosphorus measured 75 mg, and exchangeable potassium (assessed by the Chirikov method) was 98 mg per 1 kg of soil. The following variants were included in the scheme of the experiment: control – without fertilisers; background (40 t/ha of manure) + the recommended rate for this zone N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀; background + calculated fertiliser rate N₅₃P₂₅K₅₉ for a target yield of 30 t/ha; background + calculated rate of fertiliser N₅₃P₅₈K₁₂₃ + N₅₀ (applied as topdressing at BBCH 35-37) for a target yield of 35 t/ha; background + calculated rate of fertiliser N₅₃P₉₂K₁₈₇ + N₅₀ (applied as topdressing at BBCH 35-37) + N₅₀ (applied as topdressing at BBCH 50-52) for a programmed yield of 40 t/ha.

The following coefficients were used for the calculations: nutrient use efficiency from soil – N – 0.23, P₂O₅ – 0.10, K₂O – 0.37; nutrient use efficiency from mineral fertilisers – N – 0.60, P₂O₅ – 0.30, K₂O – 0.70; nutrient use efficiency from organic fertilisers – N – 0.25, P₂O₅ – 0.30, K₂O – 0.50.

The highest yield of 39.7 t/ha with a target yield of 40.0 t/ha, on average over the years of research, was obtained by applying the calculated mineral fertilisers at the rate of N₁₅₃P₉₂K₁₈₇ on a background of 40 t/ha of manure. The yield increase in this variant was 19.9 t/ha, or 100.5 %, and 6.5 t/ha to the recommended rate of background + N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀. The recommended rate of N₉₀P₉₀K₁₂₀ on the basis of 40 t/ha of manure provided a yield of 33.2 t/ha with an increase of 13.4 t/ha, or 67.7 %, to the control. The lowest potato yield of 19.8 t/ha was obtained in the control variant of the experiment – without fertilisation.

The highest starch content of 17.2 % was obtained in the control variant of the experiment, and its total yield of 5.6 t/ha was obtained by applying the calculated rate of mineral fertiliser N₁₅₃P₉₂K₁₈₇ on the background of 40 t/ha of manure for a target yield of 40 t/ha. In other variants, the starch yield was slightly lower, and in the control variant it was the lowest and amounted to 3.4 t/ha.

The highest net profit of 235100 UAH/ha and a profitability level of 83.5 % were obtained by applying the calculated rate of mineral fertilisers N₁₅₃P₉₂K₁₈₇ on a background of 40 t/ha of manure.

IMPACT OF EROSION ON MOUNTAIN FOREST SOILS IN THE ZONE OF MIXED SPRUCE FORESTS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS AND ANTI-EROSION MEASURES ON LOGGING SITES

Yu. Korinets — 2025-11-15

The study offers a thorough characterization of the erosion processes occurring in mountain forest soils within the mixed spruce forest zone, examining their dependence on various natural and anthropogenic factors. It identifies the types and specific characteristics of erosion resulting from logging activities and assesses the properties of brown forest soils in the Carpathian region. The extent and volume of soil loss due to these erosion processes have been quantified. The paper provides insights into the varying influence of slope steepness on erosion intensity and estimates the quantity of fine soil particles transported by subsurface runoff. It was found that the studied areas exhibit significant differences in the degree of soil loss, which results from both mechanical disruption and subsequent water erosion. A notable feature of logged areas is the intensification of erosion from the upper to the lower parts of the slope. Soil displacement and sediment deposition at logging sites predominantly occur under the influence of mechanical forces related to initial timber transportation. In comparison to control plots, marked compaction of the topsoil and a reduction in its porosity were observed in clear-cut areas. The physical properties of the soil are directly correlated with the level of disturbance to the upper soil layer. Mechanical impacts during tree felling and transportation significantly impair the hydrophysical characteristics of soils on slopes, leading to increased surface runoff and enhanced water erosion. The decline in the physical and chemical condition of soils on eroded logging sites adversely affects their capacity for forest growth. This poses substantial challenges for artificial reforestation and diminishes the growth rates and quality of subsequent forest generations. To mitigate the adverse effects of erosion, a system of anti-erosion measures has been proposed for implementation in logged areas.

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW CLOVER GREEN BIOMASS

I. Dudar — 2025-11-15

The article emphasizes the technological aspects of enhancing productivity and improving the quality of meadow (also called red) clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green mass in contemporary agriculture.

It explores scientific methods for assessing the effects of soil tillage and fertilization techniques on both the yield and qualitative characteristics of meadow clover green mass.

The provision of high-quality feed for livestock remains a top priority for agricultural science and practice. The article outlines strategies to optimize energy resources through the establishment of high-yielding agrophytocenoses of perennial leguminous grasses, specifically red clover, which is well-suited for the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine due to its high protein content.

The study presents findings on the variability of qualitative indicators of red clover green mass based on different tillage and fertilization methods, conducted during 2023–2024.

Three primary tillage methods were evaluated: conventional (control), chisel, and tiered (layered), with a particular focus on the beneficial impact of the PYa-4-40 plow at a depth of 14–16 cm, under two types of fertilization systems (organic and organic-mineral).

The research indicated that the method of primary tillage and the fertilization system applied to dark gray podzolic light loam soil did not significantly impact the qualitative indicators of green mass yield for the Truskavchanka red clover variety.

Plowing with the PYa-4-40 plow resulted in a modest increase in the nutritional value of the green mass when compared to conventional and chisel tillage methods. The benefits of tiered plowing include enhanced water, air, and nutrient conditions, which create optimal circumstances for producing high-quality feed.

Furthermore, the integration of tiered tillage with organic-mineral fertilization yielded the highest levels of dry matter content (18.23%), digestible protein yield (12.80 c/ha), and concentrations of key macroelements (nitrogen – 2.73%, phosphorus – 0.37%, potassium – 2.13%).

EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDES IN PROTECTING POTATOES FROM COLORADO POTATO BEETLE

P. Zaviriukha — 2025-11-15

During 2022–2023, studies were conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Genetics, Breeding, and Plant Protection of Lviv National Environmental University, located in the Western Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The research focused on evaluating the effectiveness of various insecticides in protecting potato crops from the Colorado potato beetle. Three insecticide preparations were tested: 1. Koragen 20% - a suspension concentrate applied at a rate of 60 ml/ha. 2. Confidor Maxi 70% - water-soluble granules applied at a rate of 50 g/ha. 3. Aktara 25% - water-soluble granules applied at a rate of 60 g/ha. A control group was established with no insecticide application. The research included four potato varieties of different maturity groups, all of which are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine: - Bellarosa (early-ripening) - Vodohrai (mid-early) - Volia (mid-ripening) - Zahidna (mid-late). The results indicated that the new generation insecticides, Confidor Maxi 70% and Koragen 20%, demonstrated high technical efficiency, with effectiveness ranging from 88.2% to 89.4% for Confidor Maxi and 78.2% to 81.2% for Koragen, regardless of the potato variety. The data showed that the level of potato yield was influenced both by the biological characteristics of each variety and by the specific type of insecticide used. On average, over the two-year study period, the potato varieties treated with the systemic insecticide Confidor Maxi 70% produced the highest tuber yields as follows: - Bellarosa: 29.1 t/ha - Vodohrai: 30.4 t/ha - Volia: 33.8 t/ha - Zahidna: 30.9 t/ha. Conversely, the yields from the use of Aktara 25% were significantly lower: - Bellarosa: 25.6 t/ha - Vodohrai: 26.9 t/ha - Volia: 28.6 t/ha - Zahidna: 27.5 t/ha. For reference, the control group yields were markedly lower at: - Bellarosa: 8.6 t/ha - Vodohrai: 11.5 t/ha - Volia: 12.5 t/ha - Zahidna: 11.9 t/ha. To protect potato crops from the Colorado potato beetle in the Western Forest-Steppe zone, it is recommended to use Confidor Maxi 70% at a rate of 50 g/ha and Koragen 20% at a rate of 60 ml/ha. To mitigate the potential development of resistance in pests, it is suggested to alternate the use of these insecticides and to apply them in tank mixtures with recommended fungicides.

HARMFUL ENTOMOCOMPLEX OF THE APPLE ORCHARD

Yu. Holiachuk — 2025-11-15

The apple tree is the main fruit crop cultivated in Ukraine. Despite the gradual reduction in the area of fruit-bearing apple orchards, the gross yield of apples is increasing due to the rising productivity of the crop. This is facilitated by modern apple cultivation technologies. However, orchard plantations create a favorable environment for the development of harmful organisms due to the long-term monoculture cultivation of apple trees. To reduce pest-related losses, integrated pest management systems are used, with phytosanitary monitoring of orchard conditions serving as their foundation. The aim of this research was to determine the species composition of pests in fruit-bearing apple orchards at the Educational and Scientific Centre of Lviv National Environmental University in 2023–2024. Monitoring results revealed a predominance of insect pests from the orders Homoptera and Lepidoptera. During the budburst stage, adult apple blossom weevils, bud weevils, and apple leaf cutters caused damage to the apple orchard. During the flowering phase, the most harmful pest was the apple blossom weevil, whose larvae destroyed bud contents, leading to direct crop losses. During the fruit development stage, aphids were the most numerous, especially the green apple aphid, whose infestation levels in 2024 reached up to 85% of young shoots of some trees. The woolly apple aphid also became widespread, with colonies found even on the surface and inside the fruits. Among the leaf-chewing Lepidoptera, the most widespread species was the grey fruit-tree case moth. Among carpophagous pests, the apple fruit sawfly and codling moth were detected, although the infestation of apple fruits by their larvae was insignificant.

WESTERN CONIFER SEED BUG (LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALIS H.) – A THREAT TO CONIFER PLANTATIONS IN UKRAINE

M. Stiurko — 2025-11-15

Coniferous plants play a vital role in park and forest plantations, both in our country and around the world. However, the areas dedicated to these plants are decreasing each year. They face numerous environmental threats and human activities, such as deforestation, destruction of parks and reserves, and the impact of pests and diseases, all of which diminish their quality. Harmful insects are among the biggest threats to both natural and artificial plantings, as their mass reproduction can lead to significant damage to the flora. Invasive insect species, in particular, pose a serious risk due to their adaptability, rapid reproduction, and ability to invade new territories, which can harm existing plant species.

One such invasive pest is the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis), which was introduced to Eurasia from the Americas. Unfortunately, it is not listed as a harmful organism in Ukraine's quarantine regulations concerning plant health. This pest is atypical for coniferous vegetation in our region, yet it has managed to establish itself across the entire country due to its remarkable adaptability. The western conifer seed bug feeds on more than 40 species of coniferous plants, targeting young and mature cones and causing complete or partial destruction of seeds. Access to high-quality, viable seeds is crucial for establishing young plantations and ensuring the ability of forests to self-renew. A shortage of healthy seedlings can negatively impact the ecological functions of forest and park areas. The aim of our research was to document the presence of the western conifer seed bug in Lviv region and to determine the number of productive generations it has each year. We found that the pest has expanded its habitat and feeding range into the western Forest Steppe of Ukraine, and it had not been previously recorded in Lviv region. Currently, studies on the characteristics and impacts of the western conifer seed bug are insufficient, and there are no established recommendations for measures to prevent its mass proliferation. Therefore, the challenge of protecting and preserving productive coniferous tree plantations remains unresolved.

TAEGRO (BACILLUS AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS FZB24) IN EUROPEAN PLANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND APPLICATION PRACTICES

O. Ovchinnikova — 2025-11-15

The article examines the experience of European farmers in using the biofungicide Taegro for plant protection. Modern agriculture faces challenges related to ensuring effective protection against fungal diseases while reducing the use of chemical pesticides. Increasing environmental requirements, pathogen resistance development, and the need for safe food production encourage the search for alternative plant protection methods. In this context, biofungicides, particularly Taegro, are gaining importance as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical plant protection products.

The study analyzes the advantages of biofungicides over traditional chemical fungicides, including their safety for humans and animals, beneficial effects on soil microbiota, short residual activity, and the ability to be used at various plant growth stages. Taegro is characterized by its resistance to rain and ultraviolet radiation, compatibility with other crop protection products, and systemic action against fungal pathogens. It is effectively used in European countries for protecting berry, vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops, ensuring a reduction in the incidence of diseases such as gray mold, powdery mildew, and late blight.

Field trials in France, Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain confirm that Taegro can reduce disease prevalence by 40–70 %, depending on the crop and pathogen. The article highlights successful cases of Taegro application in strawberry, raspberry, grapevine, tomato, and ornamental plant production. Additionally, the study addresses the prospects of integrating Taegro into sustainable farming systems and its role in reducing pesticide residues in agricultural products. The findings support the importance of further research on the long-term impact of biofungicides on agroecosystems and the optimization of their application strategies to enhance efficiency and economic feasibility.

PEA YIELD DEPENDING ON SOWING RATES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

V. Lykhochvor — 2025-11-15

During 2022–2024, field studies were carried out at the experimental site of Lviv National Environmental University to determine the optimal sowing rate for the Salamanca pea variety under conditions of sufficient moisture in the Western Forest-Steppe region. The soil at the experimental plot is classified as dark gray podzolized, with a humus content of 2.2%. The accounting area measures 50 m², and the experiments were repeated three times. The layout of the plots was systematic, with sowing rates evaluated in the range of 0,9; 1,0; 1,1; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4 million seeds per hectare. The peas were cultivated using intensive agricultural practices, ensuring adherence to all technological components. The preceding crop for the peas was winter wheat. The fertilization regimen included Р₆₀К₆₀ + N₆₀ + Mg₂₀+ S₃₀ + Intermag legumes (2 l/ha). Nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, N₃₄) were applied for straw mineralization following the wheat harvest, before disking. In the fall, triple superphosphate (Р₄₆), potassium chloride (К₆₀), and sulfur fertilizers (Vigor, S₉₀) were applied during plowing. Magnesium (magnesium sulfate, S₃₀Mg₂₀) was introduced in the spring as part of the pre-sowing soil cultivation. Additionally, Intermag legumes microfertilizer was applied at the onset of the pea budding phase, concurrently with the fungicide Fox. Sowing occurred from April 1 to 3, with the seeding rates adhering to the experimental design and a sowing depth of 5 cm.

It was found that the highest yield (5.60 t/ha) of Salamanca variety grain on average over three years of research was formed at a seeding rate of 1.0 million/ha. It also remained high at a seeding rate of 0.9 million/ha – 5.54 t/ha. Thickening of pea crops led to a decrease in grain yield. Thus, at a seeding rate of 1.1 million/ha it was 5.48 t/ha, which is 0.12 t/ha less than the seeding rate of 1.0 million/ha. At a seeding rate of 1.2 million/ha, there was a further decrease in yield to 5.38 t/ha. Increasing the seeding rate to 1.3 million/ha resulted in a yield of 5.29 t/ha, which is 0.31 t/ha lower than the most productive option. Increasing of the seeding rate to 1.4 million/ha caused a decrease of yield to 5.15 t/ha, which is 0.45 t/ha less than the rate of 1.0 million/ha. According to the research results, the highest grain yield of peas (5.76 t/ha) was obtained in 2024. In 2023, the yield was slightly lower – 5.56 t/ha, and the lowest was in the first year of research – 4.90 t/ha. Under the influence of hydrothermal conditions of the year, the yield of peas varied in a wider range (0.86 t/ha) than under the influence of the seeding rate (0.45 t/ha).

FORMATION OF WINTER WHEAT YIELD DEPENDING ON SOWING DATES

V. Lykhochvor — 2025-11-15

The influence of sowing dates on the yield of winter wheat, specifically the RZhT Reform variety, was studied, including very late sowing dates following sugar beet cultivation. The examined sowing dates were spaced 20 days apart: September 10 and 30, October 20, November 10 and 30, and December 20. Sowing rates were calculated as follows: for September, it was 3.0 million seeds per hectare; for October, 5.5 million seeds per hectare; for November, 7.0 million seeds per hectare; and for December, 7.5 million seeds per hectare. The results indicated that field germination decreased for later sowing dates: in October, it ranged from 89.2% to 86.1%; in November, it was 81.4%; and in December, it decreased to 76.5%. Winter hardiness varied between 98.7% and 95.0%. Plant survival rates were between 92.4% and 88.8%, also showing a slight decline with later sowing dates. Interestingly, plant density was higher at later sowing dates, recorded at 509 to 455 plants per square meter, which can be attributed to the increased seeding rates. The density of productive stems was highest at the September and October sowing dates, reaching 590 to 630 plants per square meter. In November, this density decreased to between 568 and 535 plants per square meter, and in December, it further declined to 500 plants per square meter. The productive tillering coefficient was highest in September, ranging from 2.55 to 3.33. However, for November and December sowing dates, the plants did not reach the beginning of tillering, resulting in a productive tillering coefficient close to one (1.10 to 1.14). The number of spikelets per ear remained stable across all sowing dates, ranging from 16.1 to 17.4 spikelets. The maximum number of grains per ear (48 grains) was recorded for the September 30 sowing date. The mass of grain per ear was consistently high across all variants; for the September 30 and October 20 sowing dates, it measured 1.61 and 1.60 grams, respectively, while it decreased to 1.55 grams in November and December. The highest grain yield of 10.14 tons per hectare for winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was achieved with the September 30 sowing date. In November, the yield decreased by 1.34 tons per hectare compared to the September 30 date, and by 1.85 tons per hectare in December – a decline of 2.39 tons per hectare. Based on this study, the optimal sowing dates for the RZhT Reform variety of winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe region are from September 20 to October 10. Given the conditions of global climate change, it is feasible to achieve a yield of 7 to 8 tons per hectare when sowing in November or December. For a target yield of 10 tons per hectare, the optimal combination of structural elements should include approximately 630 productive stems per square meter and a grain mass per ear of 1.61 grams.

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE YIELD OF BLACK OATS (AVENA STRIGOSA) IN THE CONDITIONS OF WESTERN UKRAINE

I. Mazurak — 2025-11-15

The article presents the findings from field studies conducted on dark gray podzolized soil regarding the yield of black oat grain, specifically focusing on how fertilizer rates affect production in the Western Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine. Four fertilizer treatments were examined: N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ (coontrol), N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ + S₂₁, N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀+ S₂₁ + Mg₂₆, N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ + S₂₁ + Mg₂₆ + microfertilizers (1.5 l/ha).

In the control variant with N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ the mineral nutrition provided the highest seed germination rate at 83.7%. However, adding sulfur and magnesium resulted in a slight decrease in germination, with rates dropping to 80.6% and 80.7%, respectively. Interestingly, the survival rate of oat plants improved with the inclusion of a broader range of mineral nutrients, increasing from 88.6% in the control to 91.0% when sulfur, magnesium, and microfertilizers were applied. The application of the complete fertilizer package also resulted in the highest plant density before harvesting, averaging 436 plants per square meter.

The research demonstrated that mineral fertilizers positively influence the yield of black oats, specifically the Black Prince variety. In the control variant, the oat yield was 4.90 tons per hectare. When sulfur was added ((N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ + S₂₁), the yield increased by 4% to 5.10 tons per hectare. The introduction of magnesium in the third variant (N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀+ S₂₁ + Mg₂₆) resulted in another 4% increase, bringing the yield to 5.32 tons per hectare, which is 0.42 tons per hectare higher than the control.

In the fourth variant, where microfertilizers were applied during the tillering phase (N₆₀P₂₀K₄₀ + S₂₁ + Mg₂₆ + microfertilizers at 1.5 l/ha), there was a notable enhancement in the absorption of macronutrients, improved plant resilience to stressors, and better grain quality. This change contributed to an additional 3% increase in yield compared to the previous variant, resulting in a total yield of 5.51 tons per hectare, which exceeds the control level by 0.61 tons per hectare.

YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON THE DENSITY OF AGROPHYTOCENOSIS

M. Bomba — 2025-11-15

Corn is an important source of feed and food resources, and in recent decades it has also become an important energy crop. The current state of the energy industry has led to a significant increase in demand for corn grain on the world market. The latter has largely determined the fact that the area sown with corn in Ukraine has more than doubled and now amounts to about 5 million hectares.

An important reserve for increasing the gross production of corn grain is the introduction of adaptive technology for growing hybrids, which would take into account their genotypic characteristics, as well as a possible reaction to individual elements of the technology. In the complex of elements of corn growing technology, an important place is occupied by the formation of the optimal density of agrophytocenosis. The latter should ensure not only a favorable phytosanitary condition of the corn field, but also contribute to the maximum realization of the genetic potential of the crop.

The issue of optimal seeding density remains relevant for two reasons. First, every year both domestic and foreign genetic and breeding centers offer new promising hybrids that require improvement of varietal agricultural technology for growing corn in different soil and climatic zones. Secondly, climate change, which is observed practically throughout Ukraine, makes its own adjustments to adaptive technologies.

In our experiment, we observed that increasing the stem density prior to harvesting from 70,000 to 90,000 plants per hectare resulted in an extension of the vegetation period by 5 days for the early-ripening hybrid Pochaivskyi 190 MV and by 7 days for the mid-early hybrid DN Khortytsia.

For both hybrids studied, a higher density of the agrophytocenosis correlated with a reduction in the grain mass per individual plant. While grain yield and the mass of 1000 grains are, to some extent, varietal characteristics, a notable trend emerged indicating a decline in these metrics within denser crops.

Despite the decrease in individual plant productivity observed in thickened agrophytocenosis, the early-ripening hybrid Pochaivskyi 190 MV achieved maximum realization of its genetic potential at a sowing density of 80,000 plants per hectare, resulting in a yield of 110.3 quintals per hectare. Conversely, the mid-early hybrid DN Khortytsia yielded the highest output at a stem density of 70,000 plants per hectare, reaching 115.0 quintals per hectare.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES BASED ON SEEDING RATE IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

T. Bliatnyk — 2025-11-15

This study presents research findings on the impact of seeding rate on the formation of individual yield components and overall biological productivity of soybean varieties cultivated in the Western Forest-Steppe. The research was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing seasons at the “Zakhidnyi Buh” private enterprise, located in the village of Shymkivtsi, Ternopil district, Ternopil region. The field experiment included three soybean varieties: Abelina, Kyoto, and Akardia, with five different seeding rates ranging from 400 to 900 thousand seeds per hectare applied to each variety.

The results indicated that the individual productivity of each plant and the biological yield of soybean varieties changed depending on the seeding rates. Specifically, as the seeding rate increased from 400 to 900 thousand seeds per hectare, the number of beans and seeds per plant decreased. Over two years of research, the average number of beans per plant was recorded as follows: the Abelina variety had between 15.6 and 19.8 beans per plant, the Kyoto variety had between 16.5 and 21.9 beans, and the Akardia variety had between 16.0 and 21.7 beans. Furthermore, increasing the seeding rate from 500 to 900 thousand seeds per hectare resulted in a decrease in the number of seeds per plant compared to the minimum seeding rate. For the Abelina variety, the decrease was between 3.0 and 15.0 seeds, for the Kyoto variety it was between 4.6 and 30.0 seeds, and for the Akardia variety, it was between 5.4 and 21.3 seeds.

The research noted that the highest biological yield for the early varieties, Abelina and Akardia, was achieved with a seeding rate of 700 thousand seeds per hectare, resulting in yields of 3.86 and 4.39 tons per hectare, respectively. This exceeded the minimum yield by 0.71 and 0.35 tons per hectare. For the mid-early variety, Kyoto, optimal productivity was attained with a seeding rate of 600 thousand seeds per hectare, yielding 4.53 tons per hectare, which was an increase of 0.40 tons per hectare. Further increases in seeding rates led to declines in yield across all varieties when compared to the optimal rate, with reductions in the Abelina variety ranging from 0.13 to 0.23 tons per hectare, in the Akardia variety from 0.16 to 0.36 tons per hectare, and in the Kyoto variety from 0.22 to 0.46 tons per hectare.